Relationship between GDP and Public Debt

Relationship between GDP and Public Debt On the Relationship between GDP and Public Debt during the EMU period (1991-present) The Maastricht Treaty laid out a central objective: that in order for the EMU to mature and lead to the establishment of a single currency in the EU – i.e. the Euro, the member nations’ fiscal and monetary policies had to be harmonized. The first task was for nations to reign-in their public debts by controlling their budget deficits. The Treaty created objectives that budget deficits had a ceiling of 3% of the GDP and the public debt had a prescribed limit of 60% of GDP. As Chart 1 reveals, that prior to the EMU efforts starting in 1991, there were some member nations that had extremely high public-debt to GDP ratios and they had to be under pressure to stabilize their government spending, and, hence the public debt. The idea behind imposing the upper limits on debt was to impose discipline and to reduce crowding out of private investment by lowering interest rates. As Chart 2 shows, that even though the growth rates of public debt in the pre-Euro years of the EMU era (1991 to 2005) were lower as compared to the pre-EMU period, they were still high for some countries. In order to study the relationship between GDP and Public Debt, this paper examines whether governments changed their fiscal policy regimes to suit the Maastricht goals. The dependent variable the ratio of Public Dent to Nominal GDP – is regressed on the GDP gap (i.e. the difference between Real GDP and the Potential Real GDP) as well as a dummy variable signaling a period when a regime shift would have occurred. The time-period is 1991-2005 and the data used is from the Eurostat (AMECO). There are two major events in the EMU era – the second phase of the process beginning in 1994 and the establishment of the Euro in 1999. So, two different models are studied – one that has a dummy variable equal to 1 for years 1994 – 2005 (Model A) and the other that has the dummy equal to 1 for 1999-2005 (Model B). If a country began controlling their debt around 1994, there should be a negative coefficient for the dummy in Model A and if they made a serious change in t heir fiscal policy around the time the Euro began, Model B should have a negative coefficient for the dummy. The coefficient for the GDP-gap variable should be negative – as theory dictates. (Macroeconomic theory tells us that governments ought to use expansionary fiscal policy in times of recessions and contract their deficits when the Real GDP cycle turns positive.) OLS Results for Model A. OLS Results for Model B. * These equations had evidence of auto-correlated errors; ** For these cases it is uncertain as to whether or not autocorrelation exists. The coefficient for the GDP gap is negative in almost all cases in both models. Most of the countries that do not have negative coefficients for the dummy variables in either model were those that had low public debt ratios to begin with – i.e. Austria, Finland, Luxembourg, Portugal, and Spain. While Germany also had relatively low levels of debt, the integration of East Germany must have generated fiscal pressures. Among the high-debt countries – Belgium, Ireland, France, and Greece – only the first two show evidence of changing their fiscal policies in the EMU period. France and Greece continued with fairly high growth rates of debt growth. The fact that more countries demonstrate regime changes (negative coefficients for the dummy variable) in Model B might reflect that with the starting of the common currency, there was greater pressure to conform to Maastricht’s conditions. (For the cases exhibiting autocorrelated errors, I tried estimating the equations with differenced variables but that did not lead to improvement with respect to the problem. Hence, the original versions are displayed).

What Parent Characteristics Are Related To the Physical Abuse of the Children?

IntroductionAimThe intent of this paper seeks to cognize whether the features shown by some of the parents are straight or indirectly related to the physical maltreatment of the kids. And the recognition is traveling to be made establishing it at the decision arrived.Justification of Proposed ResearchWhat have prompted this survey are the rampant instances of physical kid maltreatment which have been intensifying by the twenty-four hours.This frailty his broad spread across the United State of America. The perpetuators of the physical kid maltreatment have been found in most instances to be the parents who gave birth to these kids. This phenomena is really non limited to any subset or any subdivision of the population as it has been shown to impact across the societal divide, where households irrespective of their societal economic position or cultural.The kids besides undergo physical maltreatment irrespective of their age or sex.Demographic and societal factors have been identified with the cause of physical kid maltreatment. The increased degrees of physical maltreatment of kids are associated with emphasis the parents undergo exceptional individual parents who have to beguile everything including their callings and their duties as exclusive suppliers. Sadly these maltreatments thrive under secretiveness where the victims hide their sorrows because they fear their parents and besides holds the believe that they must hold been on the incorrect while others still have gotten used to these sort of rough intervention. Physical a buse can be easy noticed because of the physical marks like contusions or hurts inflicted on the victims. This glowering hazard demands to be studied thoroughly and therefore this research comes in manus as it points out correlativity between the traits the parents bear and the physical maltreatment of the kids.Null HypothesisThe parent ‘s features have no relationship with the physical maltreatment of the kids.Definition of Key Fo otingsPhysical maltreatment is largely a sort of mistreatment and is a broad class of idiosyncrasy that can include floging, emotional maltreatment, sexual maltreatment and disregard. As a normal regulation physical maltreatment can be defined as the imposition of physical injury by caretaker or apparent on a kid. It is non a must for the injury to be wittingly inflicted, and in most of state of affairss physical maltreatment is ne'er intended and may be as a consequence of intense disciplinary actions or bodily penalty that are excessively much ensuing in physical hurt or the hazard of bring downing physical hurt. Physical maltreatment normally occurs at the same clip with other signifiers of child ill-treatment. A crude and common illustration of this is when a male parent hits his male child with a closed fist and at the same clip being intimidated or belittled through verbal maltreatments.Such instances are considered to be both physical and at the same clip emotional maltreatme nt because both of them have occurred at the same time. Coming up with the best definition of physical maltreatment is difficult because of different criterions that can be applied to it. For illustration, finding the point at which normal kid up conveying behaviours can turn out to be an act of kid maltreatment? In the United States, definitions vary harmonizing to different provinces nevertheless ; there are two types of definitions criterions that are used to stipulate and clear up what physical maltreatment mean. The first is the harm criterion, which considers behaviour as opprobrious merely if it consequences in incontrovertible injury or hurts. This injury could be in signifier of scalds, contusions, bites, Burnss, scratchs, cuts, breaks, or any of a figure of other hurts. For this criterion, physical injury or assault by either a birth parent or health professional that pose a significant hazard of physical hurt is taken to intend maltreatment. Examples of actions and behaviours that would be classified opprobrious when it comes t o this standard definition, is among others, pluging a kid, subjugation to heat, submerging, , blistering, poisoning, smothering, biting, agitating, choking, and stabbing. However these actions and behaviours might non ensue in incontrovertible hurts like cuts or contusions, they are still classified as opprobrious when it comes to endangerment criterion. Making comparings between the two criterions, it can ever be seen that hurt to the child is equal to definitions of injury while action towards injury behaviour is centre of endangerment definitions. More so, harm definitions criterions are more precise and more nonsubjective as compared to criterions of hazard. The difference between bodily penalty and physical maltreatment is ne'er precise.RestrictionsThe major restrictions of this research is that so many physical maltreatment go un reported hence acquiring exact statistics is so hard and this might take to doing incorrect decision. A besides geting at concrete definition of physical kid maltreatment will be a job because toeing the line between normal child adherent and physical kid maltreatment is hard.Less research has been thoroughly done estab lishing on this subject and so acquiring adequate stuff will turn out as a challenge since there is scarceness of mention. The chosen subject besides is so sensitive and while roll uping informations it will be so difficult because people will be so leery particularly the victims themselves because this peculiar behaviour happens in most homesteads but the victims are normally quiet about the issue.Review of Related LiteratureMost of the recent research has focused chiefly on kid maltreatment in households undergoing divorce as compared to the population in general. In one of the surveies of households preferred for kid guidance for detention or ratings, for illustration, there were so many allegations of kid maltreatment leveled against one parent or health professional in at least three quarters of the households, and out of this, about half of the allegations were mentioned irrespective of the societal position or gender of the birth parent involved. The overall rate of confirmat ion for all types of kid maltreatment was the same as for old surveies of the general population, beliing the thought that parents are more likely to do baseless allegations of maltreatment during detention differences. The thought that most child maltreatment instances reported are stemming from households which are falling apart is so true because of the force per unit area and emphasis related to this. In add-on, American households are undergoing a batch of alterations and divorce is taking a toll order on. The statistics has it that about a million people normally undergo divorce and matrimony nullification annually. It is estimated that 40 % to 50 % of grownups will finally disassociate ( Bee, 1992 ) . Including this has a direct consequence, friends and more so kids who bear the whole consequence of kid particularly where kids are subjected to mistreat as a consequence of psychological anguish inflicted on the divorcing parents. This has besides had rippling effects non merely within household members but besides on the society as a whole. Parental disaffection syndrome, nevertheless, is much more serious. It involves the systematic smear by one parent of the other parent and brainwashing of the kid, with the purpose of estranging the kid from the other parent. The parental disaffection syndrome which occurs due to this unfortunate incident will impact the kids adversely. The parent undergoing divorce is mourning a awful loss due to tonss of societal values wish friendly relationships every bit good as economic value loss. This is frequently compounded by the depressions and isolations. The sum of force per unit area may ensue in weakness which can change over to aggression, choler and loss of moral values. The parents manipulate the feelings of a kid hence taking to disaffection of the other parent and this can take to defeats due to depression which increases on the side of a parent hence taking to increased feeling of weakness. This may be manifested by choler and rough intervention towards the other parent and this already is a signifier of kid maltreatment where the psychological science of the kid has been manipulated with the intent of sick motivations of seeking to do the kid hatred another parent. So it is likely a suggestion that this might take to some features in parents that are linked to what kids may be subjected to child maltreatment. Review of culprit features has examined this literature carefully. Some certain traits or features are discussed thoroughly this is because they are really critical to the intervention and care of opprobrious interaction which are in signifier forms. Many of these suggested parent features raises degrees of emphasis and psychological perturbations for illustration depression, mental upsets and physical symptoms or bad parenting schemes.Some grounds vividly high spots parental function which trigger specific illustrations of psychiatric upsets. These features have been found out to hold triggered the parent ‘s attitude towards a kid alteration as they try to concentrate on the jobs which seem to hold inflicted hurting in their lives. So stress will alter the traits which the parent normally portray and may ensue in aggression or choler and in the procedure of spreadi ng these feelings the parent will vent their defeats on the kids and may take to such things like abuse or physical maltreatment like whipping, combustion, pluging etc. This point of position nevertheless has non been so common from the past research and hence can non be relied upon wholly. In one of the rare empirical ratings of conceptual theoretical account of rearing tested a subject mediated theoretical account with a sample of striplings and their parents. It was ab initio hypothesized that rough subject actions would be generated by crude and unequal disciplinary actions or tactics and accomplishments. The findings did uncover that the birth parental subject triggered the relationship between mental emphasis and unequal parental patterns of disciplinary actions. Parental rough behaviour was non found to be major predicator, but indiscipline kids led to parental subject but ne'er to physical maltreatment parenting patterns. The connexion between emphasis and improper parenting was wholly taken over by parental subject. In add-on to measuring uneffective parenting behaviours, the writers encourage careful appraisal of the parent ‘s perceptual experience and effectual reaction to parent-child interactions in understanding opprobrious interactions. This positio n is so important because the society seems to be in full support of kid being subjected to train as a manner of rectifying or modeling them to be responsible grownups in the close hereafter nevertheless this has been misused by the parents largely who are rigorous or who seem to demo the trait of being so rigorous but they over discipline their kids taking to them being abused. So many instances have been reported where parents urgently try to convert other people that they were seeking merely to train their kids but resulted into ugly incidence. This position appears to be existent although it is normally difficult to distinguish the normal subject process and physical kid maltreatment or what standards to utilize while seeking to state the difference between the two. In relation to mistreat, this theoretical account is concerned with placing the assorted interactions among features related to household working, such as kids ‘s get bying attempts, parental attention giving and subject and other household features. Development ecological theoretical account emphasizes the development i.e. kid and parent-characteristics immediate interactive i.e. parenting, parent-child interactive procedures and broader contextual i.e. community, cultural and evolutionary features with child ill-treatment ( Belksy,1993 ) .Hence within this international sphere, child physical maltreatment seems to stand for the interplay among kid, parent and household factors and is some alone likely to be accounted for by some alone single or household features. The civilization seems to take toll in some of the instances where it is normal as per the cultural values to train kids by crushing or subjecting to penalties.These believes are likely to determine the features of the parents as they stick to their believes and therefore even if the subject is overdone, there will be no superciliums raised. In every society the civilization is so diverse and is governed by some sort of regulations and so is hard and complex to reason Culture has a cardinal in indicating it shapes the features of parents who in bend are associated to physical maltreatment of the kids. The findings did uncover that the birth parental subject triggered the relationship between mental emphasis and unequal parental patterns of disciplinary actions. Parental rough behaviour was non found to be major predicator, but indiscipline kids led to parental subject but ne'er to physical maltreatment parenting patterns. The connexion between emphasis and improper parenting was wholly taken over by parental subject. In add-on to measuring uneffective parenting behaviours, the writers encourage careful appraisal of the parent ‘s perceptual experience and effectual reaction to parent-chil d interactions in understanding opprobrious interactions. This position is so important because the society seems to be in full support of kid being subjected to train as a manner of rectifying or modeling them to be responsible grownups in the close hereafter nevertheless this has been misused by the parents largely who are rigorous or who seem to demo the trait of being so rigorous but they over discipline their kids taking to them being abused. So many instances have been reported where parents urgently try to convert other people that they were seeking merely to train their kids but resulted into ugly incidence. This position appears to be existent although it is normally difficult to distinguish the normal subject process and physical kid maltreatment or what standards to utilize while seeking to state the difference between the two.Application Previous Research in Current ProposalThe application of the mentioned old research to the current proposal is so suited because the old research seems to hold thoroughly covered their subjects and there are so many relationships between them for illustration linking civilization and the physical kid maltreatment has been antecedently covered and therefore we can associate the civilization and the parental features. Hence within this international sphere, child physical maltreatment seems to stand for the interplay among kid, parent and household factors and is some alone likely to be accounted for by some alone single or household features. The civilization seems to take toll in some of the instances where it is normal as per the cultural values to train kids by crushing or subjecting to penalties.These believes are likely to determine the features of the parents as they stick to their believes and therefore even if the subject is overdone, there will be no superciliums raised. In every society the civilization is so diverse and is governed by some sort of regulations and so is hard and complex to reason that civil ization has a cardinal in indicating it shapes the features of parents who in bend are associated to physical maltreatment of the kids. The association between emphasis and kid maltreatment has been antecedently covered besides and can be connected with the current research proposal where kid features are related to parental features Relationship between household bickers and kid maltreatment has been antecedently covered and this will be applied in this research proposal since Most of the recent research has focused chiefly on kid maltreatment in households undergoing divorce as compared to the population in general. In one of the surveies of households preferred for kid guidance for detention or ratings, for illustration, there were so many allegations of kid maltreatment leveled against one parent or health professional in at least three quarters of the households, and out of this, about half of the allegations were mentioned irrespective of the societal position or gender of the birth parent involved.How Articles Were FoundThe articles were found by extensively making research in the library on the old related subjects while others were sourced from the cyberspace.Methods and ProceduresResearch DesignResearch design is a beginning of gum that brings the research undertaking together. A design is fundamentally used to propagate the research. To prove the hypothesis, a information file will be created that combines instances from three different Surveys although the studies may differ in a figure of ways, all three will do usage of the Conflict Tactics step in order to acquire informations on features parents have in relation to physical kid maltreatment. All the three instances besides will randomly take health professional or either the male parent or the female parent for the intent of the interview. Hence, in each study instance it is expected that about half of the respondents would either be the male parent or the female parent for whom the referred kid belongs to.ProceduresThe Procedure of carry oning the research will get down by choosing the mark group of the and so the inquiries to be asked are besides formulated followed by the interview being conducted through phones and one on one so the inside informations of the mark group should be thoroughly done.The standards to used in population to pick out the kids to be interviewed on the issue of the physical maltreatment whereby at least one of the kid under 18 who has been populating at place for rather a piece will be selected. All the three studies will use random method of choice this will be followed by analysis of the informations and coming up with the consequences which are used to pull decisions and hence put in authorship.SamplesSampling is the act of taking units illustration communities, states or colleges from a population of involvement so as to be just in generalising the consequences and this is done by analyzing the sample. The samples will be picked establishing on cultural composing, socioeconomic position, and age.This will do the analysis orderly and easier to carry on. The sample will dwell of two parts which are: a composing of people who are of 18 old ages of age based on national chance sample and over who are lawfully married or live togethering with male and female and over-samples of married or live togethering Afro-american.InstrumentsThe instruments that are traveling to be employed in this survey would include the usage of pressmans, computing machines and secondary informations storage like brassy phonograph record. Other instruments would include the usage of phones, reckoners, calendars, tickers, topographic point visible radiations, Umbrellas, Vehicles and composing stuffs.Ethical ConsiderationsEthical issues must be considered while carry oning this survey whereby the sorts of inquiries to be asked should be carefully framed and linguistic communication to be used should non be vulgar. The inquiries to be asked besides should eschew a manner from being personal and the mode in which these inquiries are asked should be polite for the subject of this survey is really sensitive and if words are non right chosen so the survey might be hampered because the respondents will be leery and might keep back some critical information.Internal ValidityIt is ever o f import to bear in head that there are distinguishable respondents in each study, for This can non be like a panel survey in whereby reinter screening of the same respondents is done at three clip points. This is what is referred to as a tendency survey. In this survey, the mark for which Dynamism is being looked into will non be exclusive respondents, but a targeted group such as a small town, school like college, state or a part. Therefore, a valid tendency survey holds the fact that the sample at each given clip point is inclusive of the societal unit at that clip, the best illustration is the three nationally inclusive samples used in this instance for this survey. If for case, the cultural composing of a given society undergoes metabolism over clip, a panel survey following up portion 1 respondents would no longer be inclusive because portion 2 measurings would ne'er right reflect the cultural composing. This is what is called internal cogency i.e. for the survey to be viewed as internally valid it must stand for every composing of a targeted group so that the survey will clearly maneuver off from being reduced to a panel survey hence turning the survey as non valid.External CogencyExternal cogency is about the same as generalizing. Cogency can be defined as the about truth of illations, propositions, or decisions. So, external survey is the grade with which the decision devising is drawn upon in your survey and would appeal for other individuals in other topographic points and at different times. There are two rules on how grounds for a generalisation is provided. The first 1 is called trying theoretical account. In this sampling theoretical account, one starts by placing the population to be generalized. Then, a just sample is drawn from that population and research is conducted with the sample. Finally, since the sample is represents the population, generalisation of consequences can be done automatically back to the population. There are myriad of jo bs associated with this attack one major one is that may be one does non whom the generalisation would be done to. So in this survey external cogency should pull general decision of whether there is relationship between the features of the parents and physical kid maltreatment.MentionsBee, H.L. The journey of maturity. New York: Macmillan, 1992. Belksy, J. ( 1993 ) .Etiology of child mistreatment. A development ecological analysis, Psychological bulletin, vol.114, pp.413-434. Black, D.A. , Heyman, R.E. and Smith-Lap, A.M. ( 2001 ) . Hazard factors for child physical maltreatment. Aggression and violent behaviour, vol. 6, no.2, pp.121-188. Gardner, R.A. Family ratings in kid detention judicial proceeding. Creative Therapeutics. 1982 Straus, M. A. 1979. â€Å" Measuring Interfamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics ( CT ) Scales. † Journal of Marriage and the Family 41:75-88 ( revised version in Straus and Gelles, 1990 ) . Wolfe, D. A. ( 1999 ) . Child Maltreatment: D eductions for Child Development and Psychopathology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Employment and Personal Values

What do you do if your personal values are in conflict with organizational/interpersonal business protocols? | Reaction Paper – Week 2| Professional Development MBA-525-MBOL5| Kelly M. Mistretta| 7/15/2012| | Values are a part of each of us. Our value system is influenced from birth by family members. As we grow, our values continue to be shaped by our family, in addition to outside influences such as teachers, friends and other mentors. In our professional life, we will most likely be faced at some point in time, with a conflict between our personal values and a professional situation.It is important to handle the conflict with dignity and to find a solution to the conflict in which your individual values are maintained, as well as your professional integrity. Personal values act as motivators and impact priorities. Examples of motivating values are achievement, happiness, advancement/promotion, and family. â€Å"To gain a better understanding of how your values motivate you to set priorities, try looking at your personal activities. (Values, 8) When making a decision based on your personal values and the activities that influence these values, it is important to realize that the priority that you place on these values will potentially have both positive and negative consequences. When choosing a career at a company, you should recognize the potential consequences and conflicts that you may be faced with. It is important to distinguish carefully between your personal values and organizational values. When faced with a situation that you feel uncomfortable with in a professional situation, you should first consult with your company’s Code of Conduct.It is possible that the situation also is in conflict with the Code of Conduct. Although the law does not require a Code of Conduct, â€Å"company leaders see the benefit of having their ethical policies formalized. † (Pace, 28) Codes of Conduct are beneficial to employers, because it lets empl oyees know what is expected of them. It is important for an employer to uphold their Code of Conduct, because if they don’t, the code becomes useless. All employees should have a copy of the Code of Conduct to refer to so that they know what is considered acceptable conduct, how to handle and report misconduct and the potential penalties for misconduct.Relationships with employees, peers and bosses can cause conflict for management. â€Å"The dilemma is further complicated by the fact that these critical people may have contrary goals and competing needs. A misstep in handling an ethical issue may well affect a relationship, or linger on the conscience, for years to come. † (Maddux, 7) As an employee, when faced with a situation that goes against your personal beliefs, you must make sure that regardless of the outcome, you have a clear conscience and feel comfortable with your decisions and actions.An example of personal values conflicting with business values for me o ccurs on an almost daily basis with a co-worker. This person plays Christian music loudly at her cubicle throughout the day. Personally, I do not have a problem with the Christian music. In fact, I listen to a Christian radio station in my vehicle constantly. However, I do not agree that the workplace is the best place to play this music. We see a variety of customers throughout the day who have different beliefs and values than we do.Furthermore, we work in a government office and have to be very careful not to cross over an imaginary line. I personally would be offended if I visited a government office and had rap music or heavy metal music played to me while conducting business. I think that she could offend a customer who would rather not hear about religion while obtaining a building permit. A better option for this co-worker would be to listen to her music when there are no customers and then mute or stop the music when there is someone at her desk.Professionalism is a trait t hat we should maintain at all times. It can be hard to maintain your composure when a situation conflicts with your personal beliefs. An individual needs to consider how the ramifications and the severity of these ramifications when analyzing a situation that offends them personally. If the situation involves a co-worker, you should discuss the situation with them and let them know why you find their actions offensive to you. Hopefully your co-worker will respect your values and you can find common ground on the situation. REFERENCESFrederick, William C. (1995). Values, Nature, and Culture in the American Corporation. Cary, NC:Oxford University Press. Maddux, Dorothy, Maddux, Robert B. , Sanders, Marian. (1989). Ethics in Business: A Guide for Managers. Boston:Course Technology Crisp. Pace, J. (2006). The Workplace: Interpersonal Strengths and Leadership. Boston:McGraw Hill. Values, Motivation, and Priorities. (2007). Setting Priorities: Personal Values, Organizational Results, 8-11 . Trade-offs and Consequences. (2007). Setting Priorities: Personal Values, Organizational Results, 16-17.

The Genetically Modified Organisms Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 748 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: GMO Essay Did you like this example? One may only wonder, what are GMO’s? GMO’s stand for genetically modified organisms. In laymen terms it means that plants and animals are created using biological technology which alters their DNA by modifying their genes, another term you may have heard of is Molecular Gastronomy- which is the altercation of food (which I learned in my F+B class at STU). One can already assume that this process is very different from normal traditions like cross-breeding, a process which humankind has been doing for thousands of years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Genetically Modified Organisms Process" essay for you Create order In class I have learnt that America is the leading producer of GMO crops in the World today, which is not fortunate for someone like me whom is deciding to live within the Country. Furthermore, in class I learnt that the first GMO product was introduced to society in 1994, this product was the labor saver tomato. Ever since the Labor saver tomato was released in 1994, GMO products in our food supply has been increasing more and more ever since. Additionally, we learnt that most common GMO crops which can be found in the Market are; corn, soy-beans, cotton and rapeseed- which shocked me to learn that canola oil is made from it. In Contrast, I also learnt, that a few positives of GMO’s do exist, and this is what brings up the ethical question of- does the good outweigh the bad? It is argued that scientists created these organisms in order to achieve specific desired result, for example, they created apples that dont brown when exposed to air, Salmon that grow faster and rice that is much healthier. Additionally, another claimed benefit of GMO’s, are that GMO’s help fight off global hunger- by making it cheaper for consumers, quicker to grow, more profitable and beneficial to the community and cheaper production costs which means lower sales price. Furthermore, genetically modified crops also lead to reduced pesticide use- this is because some GMO crops are engineer to resist insects and therefore farmers dont have to use this, however, having a plant that can resists pesticides just means that growers can use more pesticides on their farm without worrying about killing their crop- and th is is very devastating to our environment! In class we also learned about Hawaii and its Papaya epidemic- where the Papaya Plant was almost on the verge of extinction. In this case, we learned another benefit of GMO’s. The Papaya Plant is a major cash crop for the Island of Hawaii and in 1992, a virus threatened to wipe out the entire production of Papaya in Hawaii, and luckily a local resident genetically modified the plant so that it could defeat the virus which was contributing to the Papaya Plant to become extinct. So, thanks to GMO’s, farmers were able to save this important crop and that is why it continues to be the main US producer of Papaya today. Another claimed benefit is that by using GMO’s there is potential to create medicine using compounds created by these crops- which may help fight off diseases. In contrast, there are several environmental and health-related issues concerning the use of GMO’s. For example, the creation of genetically modified insect and weed resistant crops has increased the population of other pests and created insects and weeds that are also resistant to insecticides the herbicides. Another huge concern for GMO’s is genetic manipulation, which could lead to whats known as super bugs (like Spider-Man), that may have potential dangers to society. Indirect effects also exist- an example of this would be the â€Å"Honey Bee.† Honey Bees love to fly out and seek pollen, nevertheless, how would they know which plants are genetically modified from which plants are not? They don’t know, and that’s the issue! So, it is only safe to say- that majority of the Honey in America is contaminated due to the strong GMO presence in America. In conclusion, it is safe to say- avoiding GMO’s is your best bet! GMO’s have only been introduced in 1994, therefore research is still lacking. In order to see the true effects of GMO’s- it will need a longer life-cycle to actually see the harmful results. If you are unsure, and cannot locate the GMO-FREE Mark- then look for a 3rd party verification for example- a little butterfly with a green check mark. Information is out there. Be informed before you decide, because cheap Produce is not always healthy Produce.